Bentuknya hukum forex

Bagaimana Hukum Negociação Forex Menurut Islam. Assalamualaikum wr wb. Ustadz Kardita saya mau bertanya, bagaimanakah hukum bisnis negociação de forex yang sekarang ini lagi tren Terima kasih. Wassalam. Syamil, Bandung Wa8217alaikumsalam wr wb. Sobat Syamil yang budiman, dalam perspektif hukum Islão, bisnis negociação de forex (perdagangan valas) dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kategori al-masa8217il al-mu8217ashirah atau masala-masalah hukum Islam kontemporer. Karena itu, estado hukumnya dapat dikategorikan kepada masalah ijtihadiyyah. Klasifikasi ijtihadiyyah masuk ke dalam wilayah fi ma la nasha fih, yakni masalah hukum e yang tidak mempunyai referensi nash hukum yang pasti. Menurut al-Sahrastani, ia termasuk ke dalam paradigma al-nushush qad intahat wa al-waqa8217I la tatanahi, artinya nash hukum dalam bentuk Al-Quran dan sunnah sudah selesai tidak lagi ada tambahan, sedan realan kehidupan tidak pernah berhenti. Dengan demikian, kasus-kasus hukum, yang baru, muncul, mesti, diberikan, kepastian, hukumnya, melalui, ijtihad. Allah SWT menurunkan ajaran Islam sebagai Hidup tuntunan yang senantiasa mengakomodir kebutuhan UMAT manusia sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar norma bisnis yakni di antaranya ketiadaan spekulasi (maisir) aktivitas yang mendorong bisnis yang tidak produktif dan transaksi ribawi yang mengakibatkan eksploitasi ekonomi Oleh parágrafo pemilik modal (riba nasi8217ah dan jahiliyah) atau yang tidak menumbuhkan sektor RIIL melalui perdagangan dan pertukaran Barang sejenis yang ribawi (riba Fadhl) sebagaimana yang terjadi pada transaksi negociação instrumen derivatif di pasar sekunder terutama dengan valas subjacentes yang berpotensi memandulkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang hakiki. Menurut prinsip mu8217amalah syari8217ah, jual beli mata uang yang disetarakan emas dengan (dinar) dan perak (dirham) haruslah dilakukan dengan tunai / kontan (naqdan) agar terhindar dari transaksi ribawi (Fadhl riba), sebagaimana dijelaskan Hadits mengenai jual beli ENAM macam Barang yang Dikategorikan berpotensi ribawi. Rasulullah bersabda: 8220Emas hendaklah dibayar dengan emas, perak dengan perak, bur (jelai) dengan bur, sya8217ir dengan sya8217ir (jenis gandum), kurma dengan kurma, dan garam dengan garam, dalam hal sejenis dan sama harusla secara kontan (yadan biyadin / naqdan ). Maka apabila berbeda jenisnya, juahá sekehendak kalian dengan syarat secara kontan.8221 (muçulmano de HR). Pada prinsip syariahnya, perdagangan valuta asing dapat dianalogikan dan dikategorikan dengan pertukaran antara emas perak atau dikenal dalam terminologi fiqih dengan istilah (sharf) yang disepakati para ulama tentang keabsahannya (Ibnul Mundzir dalam Al-Ijma8217: 58). Emas dan perak sebagai mata uang tidak boleh ditukarkan dengan sejenisnya misalnya Rupia kepada Rupia (IDR) atau Dolar US (USD) kepada Dolar kecuali sama jumlahnya (contohnya pecahan kecil ditukarkan pecahan besar asalkan jumlah nominalnya sama). Hal itu karena dapat menimbulkan Os utilizadores registados podem escolher esta página como sua página de personagem principal ajustando as suas configurações empreferencias do site advertisement Namun bila berbeda jenisnya, seperti rupia kepada dolar atau sebaliknya maka dapat ditukarkan (troca) sesuai taxa dengan mercado (harga pasar) dengan Catatan Harus efektif kontan / local (taqabudh fi8217li) atau yang local dikategorikan (taqabudh hukmi) menurut kelaziman pasar yang berlaku sebagaimana Yang dikemukakan Ibnu Qudamah (Al-Mughni, vol. 4) tentang kriteria 8216tunai8217 atau 8216kontan8217 dalam jual beli yang dikembalikan kepada kelaziman passar yang berlaku meskipun hal itu melewati beberapa jam penyelesaian (assentamento-nya) karena proses teknis transaksi. O preço de mercado é calculado sobre a base da taxa de câmbio do mercado. Nabi bersabda: 8220Perjualbelikanlah emas dengan perak semau kalian asalcano secara kontan8221 dan dalam hadits Ibnu Umar Rasulullah membro da península bahwa ketentuan kontan tersebut fleksibel selama dalam toleransi waktu yang lazim, tidak menimbulkan persoalan dan tetap dalam harga yang sama pada hari transaksi (bi si8217ri yaumiha). Dalam prakteknya, unguia menghindari penyimpangan syariah, maka kegiatan transaksi dan perdagangan valuta asing (valas) harus terbebas dari unsur riba, maysir (spekulasi / jogo) dan gharar (ketidakjelasan, manipulasi dan penipuan). Oleh karena itu jual beli maupun bisnis valas harus dilakukan dalam secarão kontan (spot) atau kategori kontan. Motivo pertukaran itupun tidak boleh untuk spekulasi yang dapat menjurus kepada judi / jogo (maysir) melainkan untuk membiayai transaksi-transaksi yang dilakukan rumah Tangga, Perusahaan dan pemerintah guna memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi, investasi, ekspor-impor atau komersial baik Barang maupun jasa (motivo transação ). Di samping itu Perlu dihindari jual-beli valas secara bersyarat dimana pihak penjual mensyaratkan kepada pembeli Harus mau menjual Kembali kepadanya pada periode tertentu di masa mendatang, Karena hal itu termasuk katagori menjual Barang yang Belum diterima secara définitif (Bai8217 Fudhuli) yang dilarang dalam Islam. Demikian halnya, dunia perbankan termasuk banco syariah sebagai lembaga keuangan yang memfasilitasi perdagangan internacional (ekspor-impor) maupun kebutuhan masyarakat terhadap penukaran valuta asing tidak dapat terhindar dari keterlibatannya di passando valuta asing (câmbio). Hukum transaksi yang dilakukan oleh sebagian banco syariah dalam muamalah jual beli valuta asing tidak dapat dilepaskan dari ketentuan syariah mengenai sharf. Bentuk transaksi penukaran valuta asing yang biasa dilakukan banco syariah dapat dikategorikan sebagai naqdan (local) meskipun penyerahan dan penerimaan tersebut tidak terjadi pada waktu transaksi diputuskan (negociação), melainkan penyelesaiannya (liquidação-nya) baru tuntas dalam 48 jam (dua hari) kerja. Fenomena transaksi ini sudah biasa dikenal dalam dunia perdagangan internasional dan tetap disebut transaksi valas spot antar bank. Bahkan, jika, kebetulan, bertepatan, dengan libur, akhir, pekan, serah, terima, itu, baru, dapat, terlaksana, setelah, 96, jam, kerja. (Dr. As-Saih, Ahkamul 8216Uqud wal Buyu8217 fil Fiqh: 112, Dr. Sami Hamud, Tathwirul A8217mal Al-Mashrafiya, 372, Qardhawi dalam Fatawa Mu8217ashirah). Dengan demikian, hukum transaksi troca de dinheiro dalam bentuknya yang sederhana sepanjang dilakukan secara tunai atau dikategorikan tunai (lugar) dan jual putus (um tiro negócio) serta bukan untuk tujuan atau memfasilitasi dan mendukung kegiatan spekulasi pada prinsipnya diperbolehkan menurut syariah Islão berdasarkan akad sharf selama menghindari Pantangan syariah dalam bisnis Wallahu a8217lam bi al-shawab Bagaimana Hukum Negociação Forex Menurut Islã. Assalamualaikum wr wb. Ustadz Kardita saya mau bertanya, bagaimanakah hukum bisnis negociação de forex yang sekarang ini lagi tren Terima kasih. Wassalam. Syamil, Bandung Wa8217alaikumsalam wr wb. Sobat Syamil yang budiman, dalam perspektif hukum Islão, bisnis negociação de forex (perdagangan valas) dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kategori al-masa8217il al-mu8217ashirah atau masala-masalah hukum Islam kontemporer. Karena itu, estado hukumnya dapat dikategorikan kepada masalah ijtihadiyyah. Klasifikasi ijtihadiyyah masuk ke dalam wilayah fi ma la nasha fih, yakni masalah hukum e yang tidak mempunyai referensi nash hukum yang pasti. Menurut al-Sahrastani, ia termasuk ke dalam paradigma al-nushush qad intahat wa al-waqa8217I la tatanahi, artinya nash hukum dalam bentuk Al-Quran dan sunnah sudah selesai tidak lagi ada tambahan, sedan realan kehidupan tidak pernah berhenti. Dengan demikian, kasus-kasus hukum, yang baru, muncul, mesti, diberikan, kepastian, hukumnya, melalui, ijtihad. Alá SWT menurunkan ajaran Islam sebagai tuntunan hidup yang senantiasa mengakomodir kebutuhan umat manusia sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar norma bisnis yakni di antaranya ketiadaan spekulasi (maisir) yang mendorong aktivitas bisnis yang tidak produktif dan transaksi ribawi yang mengakibatkan eksploitasi ekonomi oleh para pemilik modal (riba Nasi8217ah dan jahiliyah) atau yang tidak menumbuhkan sektor riil melalui perdagangan dan pertukaran barang sejenis yang ribawi (riba fadhl) sebagaimana yang terjadi pada transaksi negociação instrumental derivative de passar sekunder terutama dengan subjacente valas yang berpotensi memandulkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang hakiki. Menurut prinsip mu8217amalah syari8217ah, jual beli mata uang yang disetarakan dengan emas (dinar) dan perak (dirham) haruslah dilakukan dengan tunai / kontan (naqdan) agar terhindar dari transaksi ribawi (riba fadhl), sebagaimana dijelaskan hadits menaka jual beli enam macam barang yang Dikategorikan berpotensi ribawi. Rasulullah bersabda: 8220Emas hendaklah dibayar dengan emas, perak dengan perak, bur (jelai) dengan bur, sya8217ir dengan sya8217ir (jenis gandum), kurma dengan kurma, dan garam dengan garam, dalam hal sejenis dan sama harusla secara kontan (yadan biyadin / naqdan ). Maka apabila berbeda jenisnya, juahá sekehendak kalian dengan syarat secara kontan.8221 (muçulmano de HR). Pada prinsip syariahnya, perdagangan valuta asing dapat dianalogikan dan dikategorikan dengan pertukaran antara emas dan perak atau dikenal dalam terminologi fiqih dengan istilah (sharf) yang disepakati para ulama tentang keabsahannya (Ibnul Mundzir dalam Al-Ijma8217: 58). Emas dan perak sebagai mata uang tidak boleh ditukarkan dengan sejenisnya misalnya Rupia kepada Rupia (IDR) atau Dolar US (USD) kepada Dolar kecuali sama jumlahnya (contohnya pecahan kecil ditukarkan pecahan besar asalkan jumlah nominalnya sama). Hal itu karena dapat menimbulkan Os utilizadores registados podem escolher esta página como sua página de personagem principal ajustando as suas configurações empreferencias do site advertisement Namun bila berbeda jenisnya, seperti rupia kepada dolar atau sebaliknya maka dapat ditukarkan (câmbio) sesuai dengan taxa de mercado (harga pasar) dengan catatan harus efektif kontan / ponto (taqabudh fi8217li) atau yang dikategorikan local (taqabudh hukmi) menurut kelaziman pasar yang berlaku sebagaimana Yang dikemukakan Ibnu Qudamah (Al-Mughni, vol. 4) tentang kriteria 8216tunai8217 atau 8216kontan8217 dalam jual beli yang dikembalikan kepada kelaziman passar yang berlaku meskipun hal itu melewati beberapa jam penyelesaian (assentamento-nya) karena proses teknis transaksi. O preço de mercado é calculado sobre a base da taxa de câmbio do mercado. Nabi bersabda: 8220Perjualbelikanlah emas dengan perak semau kalian asalcano secara kontan8221 dan dalam hadits Ibnu Umar Rasulullah membro da península bahwa ketentuan kontan tersebut fleksibel selama dalam toleransi waktu yang lazim, tidak menimbulkan persoalan dan tetap dalam harga yang sama pada hari transaksi (bi si8217ri yaumiha). Dalam prakteknya, unguia menghindari penyimpangan syariah, maka kegiatan transaksi dan perdagangan valuta asing (valas) harus terbebas dari unsur riba, maysir (spekulasi / jogo) dan gharar (ketidakjelasan, manipulasi dan penipuan). Oleh karena itu jual beli maupun bisnis valas harus dilakukan dalam secarão kontan (spot) atau kategori kontan. Motivo pertukaran itupun tidak boleh untuk spekulasi yang dapat menjurus kepada judi / jogo (maysir) melainkan untuk membiayai transaksi-transaksi yang dilakukan rumah tangga, perusahaan dan pemerintah guna memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi, investasi, ekspor-impor atau komersial baik barang maupun jasa ). Di samping itu peru dihindari jual-beli valas secara bersyarat dimana pihak penjual mensyaratkan kepada pembeli harus mau menjual kembali kepadanya pada periode tertendo de massa mendatang, karena hal itu termasuk katagori menjual barang yang belum diterma secara definitif (Bai8217 Fudhuli) yang dilarang dalam Islam. Demikian halnya, dunia perbankan termasuk banco syariah sebagai lembaga keuangan yang memfasilitasi perdagangan internacional (ekspor-impor) maupun kebutuhan masyarakat terhadap penukaran valuta asing tidak dapat terhindar dari keterlibatannya di passando valuta asing (câmbio). Hukum transaksi yang dilakukan oleh sebagian banco syariah dalam muamalah jual beli valuta asing tidak dapat dilepaskan dari ketentuan syariah mengenai sharf. Bentuk transaksi penukaran valuta asing yang biasa dilakukan banco syariah dapat dikategorikan sebagai naqdan (local) meskipun penyerahan dan penerimaan tersebut tidak terjadi pada waktu transaksi diputuskan (negociação), melainkan penyelesaiannya (liquidação-nya) baru tuntas dalam 48 jam (dua hari) kerja. Fenomena transaksi ini sudah biasa dikenal dalam dunia perdagangan internasional dan tetap disebut transaksi valas spot antar bank. Bahkan, jika, kebetulan, bertepatan, dengan libur, akhir, pekan, serah, terima, itu, baru, dapat, terlaksana, setelah, 96, jam, kerja. (Dr. As-Saih, Ahkamul 8216Uqud wal Buyu8217 fil Fiqh: 112, Dr. Sami Hamud, Tathwirul A8217mal Al-Mashrafiya, 372, Qardhawi dalam Fatawa Mu8217ashirah). Dengan demikian, hukum transaksi troca de dinheiro dalam bentuknya yang sederhana sepanjang dilakukan secara tunai atau dikategorikan tunai (lugar) dan jual putus (um tiro negócio) serta bukan untuk tujuan atau memfasilitasi dan mendukung kegiatan spekulasi pada prinsipnya diperbolehkan menurut syariah Islão berdasarkan akad sharf selama menghindari Pantangan syariah dalam bisnis Wallahu a8217lam bi al-shawab Não há palavras-chave para este ficheiro. Todas as violações de direitos autorais serão processadas pelas regulamentações legais apropriadas em cada país Obrigado por visitar blogs musicaisHukum Labur amp Berniaga Forex (Forex Trading) Forex Trading (xeroF) ) Zaharuddin Abd Rahman Siga ingin minta pihak ustaz untuk menerangkan tentando pelaburan tukaran matawang como dan juga perniagaan Forex. Bagaimana, pula, jaka, saya, melakukan, transaksi, sendiri, dengan, berbekalkan, analise, sendiri, atau, yang, disney, oleh, broker, dengan, melayari, internet. Kemudian memperolehi untung dari jualan dan belian matawang asing ini. Terima kasih Bagi Menjawab soalan ini, e um peru memahami dua jenis perkara iaitu: - 1 - Melabur wang ringgit anda ke dalam satu syarikat yang memperolehi untung melalui FOREX. 2- Melantik satu platform atau syarikat untuk menjalankan jual beli wang asing dan simpan. Semua transaksi dijalankan oleh anda sendiri, syarikat hanya menyediakan plataforma dan mengambil upah perkhidmatan sahaja. Pertama. Hukum bagi melabur dalam syarikat yang menjalankan FOREX: Forex (câmbio) atau yang lebih dikenal dengan Perdagangan Mata wang Asing Ia merupakan suatu jenis perdagangan / transaksi yang memperdagangkan matawang suatu negara terhadap matawang negara lainnya yang melibatkan passar-passar matawang utama di dunia selama 24 Geléia secara berterusan. Benar, memang FOREX matawang adalah diharuskan, tetapi keharusannya tertakluk kepada sejauh mana ia menurut garis panduan yang dikeluarkan dari hadith Nabi yang sohih. Iaitu: - um - Ditukar (serah dan terima) dalam waktu yang sama ia disebut dalam hadis sebagai yadan bi yadin. Dalam bahasa inggerisnya adalah sobre a base do local. Ia datang banyak hadis antara yang paling utama adalah:. . . . . . . . . Ertinya. Emas dengan Emas (ditukar atau diniagakan). Perak dengan perak, gandum dengan gandum, tamar dengan tamar, garam dengan garam mestilah sama timbangan dan sukatanya, dan ditukar secara terus (pada massa saturada) dan sekiranya berlainan jenis, maka berjual-belilah kamu sebagaimana yang disukai Hadith, 11/9). B - Nabi bersabda: - Ertinya. Sesungguhnya Rasulullah s. a.w berkata. Pertukaran antara perak dan emas adalah riba kecuali jika ia dilakukan secara serentak (muçulmano Riwayat, no 1586, 3/1209) c - Manakala pembelian secara hutang dari salah satu antara dua pihak adalá haram berdasarkan hadis: - Ertinya . Rasulullah s. a.w melarang dari menjual emas dan perak secara berhutang (Riwayat Al-Bukhari, n ° 2070, 2/762) Hadis-hadis di atas menyebut perihal displin Islã dalam pertukaran emas dan perak. Um banco de dados, um banco de dados, um banco de dados, um banco de dados, um banco de dados, um banco de dados e um banco de dados. Seus dados se referem a uma transação de syarat e de um melodias de melanias em um perak juga de TERPAKAI pada urusan transaksi matwang. Demikian keputusan Majlis Fiqh Antrabangsa dan juga Majlis Kewangan Islão Antarabangsa di bawah AAOIFI. FOREX dalam matawang yang diuruskan oleh syarikat konvensional sudah pasti tidak akan menjaga syarat em kerana kebanyakan FOREX yang dijalankan oleh institusi konvensional adalah lsquoForward FOREX atau Forex yang menggunakan lsquoValue para a frente (nilai masa hadapan) yang tergolong dalam Riba Nasiah. Mereka juga kerap menggunakan SWAP, Opções de lain-lain instrumento yang tidak halal di sisi Shariah. Instrumen-instrumen tadi tidak memenuhi syarat Islam iaitu serah terima atau disebut qabadh dalam islam secara benar hakiki atau hukmi pada waktu yang sama. Masalah dalam implementasi FOREX adalá bertangguh dalam penyerahan dari kedua-dua pihak. Tatkala itu aqad menjadi batal (Radd al-Muhtar ala ad-durr, 4/531). Tidak saya nafikan, bahawa terdapat sesetengah Institusi Kewangan Islã yang melakukan forex ini setelah mendapatkan kelulusan Majlis Penasihat Shariah mereka, Namun semua mereka hanya terlibat dalam FOREX jenis SPOT dan bukannya jenis lsquoForward jika adapun jenis forward ia menggunakan konsep Al-WAD atau Unilateral Promise dan ia Telah disepakati keharusannya. Apa yang pasti, Majlis A shariah mereka telah meletakkan beberapa syarat dan bukannya secara bebas begitu sahaja. Justeru MELABUR MÓVAL (BEERTI ANDA MELABUR DAN KEMUDIAN TUNGGU UNTUNG SAHAJA) dan dalam institusi kewangan konvensional yang memperolehi untung melalui cara FOREX adalá tidak halal di sisi Islam. Ia adalah keputusan Painel Penasihat Shariah dunia yang bernaung di bawah nama Contabilidade e auditoria Organização para instituições islâmicas (AAOIFI). Antara painel penasihat Shariahnya adalá Syeikh Mufti Taqi Uthmani, Prof. Dr. Syeikh Wahbah Zuhayli, Prof. Dr. Syeikh Siddiq Dharir, Syeikh Abdullah al-Mani, Dr. Abd Sattar Abu Ghuddah, Syeikh Dr. Nazih Hammad, Syeikh Dr. Hussain Hamid Hassan, Syeikh Nizam Yaquby, Dr. Mohd Daud Bakar, Syeikh Al-Ayashi al-Sadiq Faddad, Syeikh Dr. Ajil Nashmi dan ramai lagi. KEDUA. Hukum FOREX TRADING yang dijalankan sendiri - Bagi mengetahui, hukum bagi, bentuk kedua ini, pertama-tamanya ia tertakluk kepada: - a - Terdapat unsur judi atau tidak apabila membeli dan menjual matawnag hanya kerana mengharap keuntungan dari perbezaaan nilainya. Bukan kerana digunapakai de negara matawang terbabit. Maka setah kajian perinci oleh JAKIM dan ISRA, mendapati unsur judi adalah wujud maka semua jenis forex trading adalah HARAM. B - Kesohihan dan kewibawaan plataforma de syarikat dari sudut lesennya dan pengenalannya. Ia diperlukan bagi mengelak e um ditipu oleh plataforma syarikat yang tidak sebenar. Butiran terperinci berkenaan plataforma ini mestilah diteliti dan boleh diperolehi. Jika tidak, transaksi e um adalah syubhat dari awal lagi keran terdapat unsur gharar. B - Jika plataforma tersebut punyai wibawa dan diminuir serta informação yang sangat mencukupi, perkara kedua adalah menilai akta-akata berkaiatan dengan aktiviti ini dari badan berwajib di Malaysia. Ini perlu bagi memastikan e um tidak terlibat dengan aktiviti menyalahi undang-undang Negara. Jika yang kedua juga lulus, saya kira transaksi jual matawang como dan simpan dan kemudian jual semula apabila harga tukarannya naik adala harus kerana ia segara automaknya dilaksanakan menurut kaedah lsquospot. Namun mari kita sama-sama cuba mehami dan menyemak bagaimana proses ini dilakukan secar ringkas dan melihat pandangan Islam tentangnya. Setakat apa yang ditherangkan oleh indivíduo yang terlibat dan yang tahu berkenaan cara forex trading memlali internet ini. Ia seperti berikut: - 1) Ia mempunyai modal mínimo. Sebagai contoh USD 1, USD 100 dan lain-lain, ia berbeza mengikut polisi syarikat forex trading masing-masing. 2) Dengan modal itu, plataforma do syarikat do pihak forex que negocía o akan do membukakan do akan do akun do akaun do akaun do ku do akaun. Seteah, itu, pihak peserta, akan, menentukan, samada untuk, membuka, kaunter, jualan, matawangnya, dalam, akaun, atau, membuka, kaunter, belian. Gambaran mudahnya adalah: - Katalah modalnya USD 100 yang dibeli dengan tukaran semasa hari tersebut USD 1 RM 3,6, dan dibuka kaunter lsquoselling melalui plataforma syarikat tersebut. Sebagai contoh, pada esok harinya apabila dilakukan analisa terhadap pegerakan nilai matawang, napolitano USD mengukuh berbanding Ringgit iaitu USD 1 RM 4 Tatkala itu, ia akan menekan button jual USD 100 dan memperolehi RM 400. Ini bermakna iah telah beroleh keuntungan sebanyak RM 40 berbanding Harga belian asalnya tadi Mais de 40 milhões de RMs de MEXICANOS MESTILAH memasukkan seluruh RM de 400 RMR de 400 milhões de euros em moeda estrangeira, com um valor de RM de 40 milhões de euros, com uma taxa de RM de 40 milhões de RM, com um valor de RM de 360 ​​RMR de HanYa akan dimasukkan sejurus peserta menutup akaun pada Hari tersebut. Isu Shariah. Jika ini tidak berlaku, maka ia lulus dari sudut Shariah, namun jika kelewatan berlaku, isa Shariah di sini adalah berlaku penangguhan dalam penyerahan matawang ringgit. Ini menjadikan ia bercangah dengan arahan Nabi s. a.w: - Dalam menukar wang dengan wang, Nabi tela de meni e garis panduan yang mesti dipatuhi iaitu: Ertinya. Sesungguhnya Rasulullah s. a.w berkata. Pertukaran antara perak dan emas adalah riba kecuali jika ia dilakukan secara serentak (Serai terima dalam satu masa) (Riwayat muçulmano, no 1586, 3/1209) Manakala pembelian secara hutang dari salah satu antara dua pihak adalá haram berdasarkan hadis: - Ertinya. Rasulullah viu melarang dari menjual emas dan perak secar berhutang (Riwayat Al-Bukhari, no 2070, 2/762) Imam An-Nawawi telah menyebut dengan terang bahawa para ulama telah bersepakat wajibnya syarat serah terima dalam massa saturada atau lsquoTaqabud samada secara hakiki (fizikal ) Atau hukmi (melali mediuam tetapi punyai bukti seperti resit atau nota elektronik yang menunjukkan transaski sah) (Syarah Sohih muçulmano) Cadangan. Mesti dipastikan, bahawa, semasa transkasi, jual, beli, dilakukan, kesemua, modal, dicampur, untung, dimasukkan di dalam, akaun, kita, tanga, sebarang, tangguh, dan secara automatik, juga, kita, boleh, mengeluarkan, wang, tersebut, tanga, sebarang, halangan. 3) Terdapat syarikat yang mensyaratkan mínimo modal yang tinggi seperti USD 1000 dan lain-lain jumlah. Untuk itu meroa menawarkan apa yang dinamakan alavancagem yangmana modal peserta akan digandakan. Sebagai contoh, katalah modal sebenar e um adalah USD 100. Maka e um dikehendaki memilih atau secara pilihan memlih gândano yang dikehendaki. Seperti 1. 10 Termos e Condições e Política de Privacidade Termos e Condições Política de Privacidade Termos de Uso Política de Privacidade Termos de Uso Política de Privacidade Mapa do Site O uso de vários instrumentos financeiros ou de capital emprestado, como margem, para aumentar o retorno potencial de um investimento. A alavancagem pode ser criada através de opções, futuros, margens e outros instrumentos financeiros. Por exemplo, digamos que você tem 1.000 para investir. Este montante poderia ser investido em 10 ações da Microsoft, mas para aumentar a alavancagem, você poderia investir o 1.000 em cinco contratos de opções. Em seguida, você controlaria 500 ações em vez de apenas 10. (Rujukan) Jika benarlah apa yang saya gambarkan ini, transaksi forex menggunakan Alavanca ini adalah HARAM kerana ia dikira menjual matawang yang tidak di dalam milik anda. Milik sebenar e um hanyalah USD 100 tetapi yang dijual adalah 10.000. Ia berdasarkan apa yang disebut oleh Nabi s. a.w. Ertinya. Janganlah kamu menjual sesuatu yang tidak de dalam milikmu (Riwayat Abu Daud, no 3504, 3/283) Malah saya juga hampir pasti, wang yang digandakan olear syarikat itu dikira sebagai pemberian pinjaman dan sudah tentu mereka akan mengambil sedikit keuntungan samada diketahui atau tidak diketahui Oleer peserta. Jika ini berlaku, sekali lagi riba telah berlaku. Bagi mengelakkan perkara yang ditegah oleh Islã dari berlaku di sini, penggunaan alavanca 1: 1 sahaja yang dibenarkan. Wallahualam. 4) Diberitakan juga pihak syarikat menasihatkan pescar ágar menggunakan modalnya kurang dari 30 sacos de frutas sem costura de comércio dijalankan. Dan jika terdapat masalah kemungkinan rugby atau apa yang dinamakan chamada de margem, pihak peserta dibenarkan untuk membuka kaunter satu lagi samada jual atau beli bagi menyeimbangkan kemungkinan rugi. Pandangan. Wallahualam, jika semunya dilaksanakan dengan jelas dan perancangan yang betul. Setakat ini saya tidak nampak adanya masala Shariah dalam tindakan ini KECUALI IA MEMPUNYAI ELEMN PERJUDIANO YANG JELAS kerana membeli nilai matawang untuk dijual apabila nilainya naik sedangkan ia BUKAN KOMODITI. Wallahualam. Walaupun berniaga sendiri forex dan memenuhi syarat ini ADALAH HARAM kerana sebab utamanya adalah JUDI, tambahan pula ia bukanlah sesuatu yang disukai oleh polisi ekonomi di dalam Islão, pertamanya kerana menurut pandangan ekonomi dalam Islão, matawang adalah meio de troca sahaja dan ia bukanlah komoditi yang wajar Diniagakan bagi memperolehi untung dari perbezaan nilainya. Kita tahu nilai matwang kini tidak lagi bersandarkan emas atau perak, wang kertas hari ini (dinheiro fiduciário) tidak mempunyai nilai tersendiri (seperti logam emas dan perak) kari nilainya datang dari pasaran global yang ditentukan oleh demanda e oferta di pasaran dunia. Justeru, menjadikan cara ini bagi membro anak dan isteri makan bukanlah satu bentuk kerjaya e yang terpuji di dalam Islam. Malásia é um sistema sistemático e sistemático para o sistema de gestão de recursos humanos. Justeru, fikirkanlah. Jika anda tidak ingin menerima padnagan saya, tidak mengapa tetapi bacalah pendapat ulama besar kewangan islã sedunia iaitu Syeikh Mufti Taqi Uthmani dalam hal ini: Forex Moeda negociação Por Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani Pergunta: É Forex Troca de moeda halal Eu anexei um documento detalhando os aspectos do negócio. A.) Eu passei pelos documentos enviados por você. Eu sou da opinião que estas transações não são conformes com Shariah. A condição muito que você não pode tomar a entrega da moeda comprada torna inadmissível. Além disso, existem outros elementos de acordo com o meu conhecimento que torna este comércio ilegal na Shariah, tais como, vendas a prazo, vendas a descoberto, etc Isso é além do fato de que as moedas são originalmente um meio de troca e só deve ser trocada por Uso pessoal em diferentes países. Fazê-los uma mercadoria comerciável apenas para ganhar um lucro é também contra a filosofia básica da economia islâmica. Eu, portanto, não aconselhá-lo a entrar neste comércio. Sila Buka Sumber. Forex Trading Adakah e uma menga de siapa Syeikh Mufti Taqi Uthmani, sila buka di sini untuk mengenalinya. Zaharuddin Abd Rahman 28 Zulhijjah 1428 p / s. Semua pemain forex, nota de jawpaan saya inin adalah jawapan yang dipermudah agar ia boleh difahami orang awam. Jika terdapat kesilapan teknik carajual dan beli, boleh dimaklumakn kepada di ruangan komentar kerana informações tentang tatacara di atas juga saya perolehi dari yang terlibat. Syaa tiada masa untuk membuat pembacaan kajian Sendiri di ketika ini. Sekian Adicionar esta página aos seus favoritos Páginas de marcação Social Mais. Forex menurut Hukum Islã Banyak perbedaan pendapat tentang forex itu sendiri, ada yang mengatakan tidak boleh, tetapi ada juga yang mengatakan boleh. Dibawah ini adalah pendapat yang membolehkan dari beberapa sumber tentang forex itu sendiri (sedan unid yang tidak membolehkan forex itui sendiri, silahkan search di Google). Fit4global. wordpress hanya membro wacana, dan hanya fokus ke riset ilmiah tentang pergerakan forex. Fit4global. wordpress memang didedikasikan untuk meriset secara logia dan ilmiah tentang pergerakan forex baik teknikal maupun fundamental. Sebagian umat islão ada yang meragukan kehalalan praktik perdagangan berjangka. Bagaimana menurut padangan para pakar Islão Apa pendapat para ulama mengenai negociação forex, negociação saham, índice de negociação, saham, dan komoditi Apakah Hukum Forex Trading Valas Halal Menurut Hukum Islã Mari kita ikuti selengkapnya. Jangan engkau menjual sesuatu yang tidak ada padamu, sabda Nabi Muhammad VI, dalam sebuah hadits riwayat Abu Hurairah. Oleh sementara fuqaha (ahli fiqih Islam), hadits tersebut ditafsirkan secara saklek. Pokoknya, setiap praktik, jual, beli, yang, tidak, ada, barangnya, pada, waktu, akad, haram. Penafsiran secara demikian itu, tak pelak lagi, membuat fiqih islão sulit untuk memenuhi tuntutan jaman eang terus berkembang dengan perubahan-perubahannya. Karena itu, sejumlah ulama klasik yang terkenal dengan pemikiran cemerlangnya, menentang cara penasiran yang terkesan sempit tersebut. Misalnya, Ibn al-Qayyim. Ulama bermazhab Hambali no berpendapat, bahwa tidak benar jual-beli barang yang tidak ada dilarang. Baik dalam Al Quran, sunnah maupun fatwa para sahabat, larangan itu tidak ada. Dalam Sunnah Nabi, hanya terdapat, larangan, menjual, barang, yang, belum, ada, sebagaimana, larangan, beberang, barang, yang, sudah, ada, pada, waktu, akad. Causa legis atau ilat larangan tersebut bukan ada atau tidak adanya barang, melainkan garar, ujar Dr. Syamsul Anwar, MA dari IAIN Suka Yogyakarta menjelaskan pendapat Ibn al-Qayyim. Garar adalah ketidakpastian tentang apaká barang yang diperjual-belikan itu dapat diserahkan atau tidak. Misalnya, seseorang menjual unta yang hilang. Atau menjual barang milang orang lain, padahal tidak dibi kewenangan oleh yang bersangkutan. Jadi, meskipun pada waktu, akad barangnya, tidak ada, namun ada, kepastian diadakan, pada waktu, diperlukan, sehingga, bisa, diserahkan, kepada, pembeli, maka, jual, beli, tersebut sah. Sebaliknya, kendati, barangnya, sudah, ada, karena, satu dan, lain, hal, tidak, mungkin, diserahkan, kepada, pembeli, maka jual, beli, itu, tidak sah. Perdagangan berjangka, jelas, bukan garar. Sebab, dalam kontrak berjangkanya, jenis komoditi yang dijual-belikan sudah ditantukan. Begitu juga dengan jumlah, mutu, tempat dan waktu penyerahannya. Semanga berjalan di atas aturan resmi yang ketat, sebagai antisipasi terjadinya praktek penyimpangan berupa penipuan satu hal yang sebetulnya bisa juga terjadi pada praktik jua-beli konvensional. Dalam perspektif hukum Islão, Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi (PBK) (foral adalah bagian dari PBK) dapat dimasukkan dalam kategori almasail almuashirah atau masala-masala hukum Islam kontemporer. Karena itu, estado hukumnya dapat dikategorikan kepada masalah ijtihadiyyah. Klasifikasi ijtihadiyyah masuk ke dalam wilayah fi ma la nasha fih, yakni masalah hukum e yang tidak mempunyai referensi nash hukum yang pasti. Dalam kategori masalah hukum al-Sahrastani, ia termasuk ke dalam paradigma al-nushush qad intahat wa al-waqaI la tatanahi. Artinya, nash hukum dalam bentuk Al-Quran dan Sunnah sudah selesai tidak lagi ada tambahan. Dengan demikian, kasus-kasus hukum, yang baru, muncul, mesti, diberikan, kepastian, hukumnya, melalui, ijtihad. Dalam kasus hukum PBK, ijtihad dapat merujuk kepada teori perubahan hukum yang diperkenalkan oleh Ibn Qoyyim al-Jauziyyah. Ia menjelaskan, fatwa hukum dapat berubá karena beberapa variabel perubahnya, yakni: waktu, tempat, niat, tujuan dan manfaat. Teori perubahan hukum ini diturunkan dari paradigma ilmu hukum dari gurunya Ibn Taimiyyah, yang menyatakan bahwa a-haqiqah fi al-ayan la fi al-adzhan. Artinya, kebenaran hukum itu dijumpai dalam kenyataan empirik bukan dalam alam pemikiran idéia de atau alam. Paradigma ini diturunkan dari prinsip hukum Islão tentang keadilan yang dalam Al-Quran digunakan istilah al-mizan, um-qisth, al-wasth, dan al-adl. Dalam penerapannya, secara khusus masala PBK dapat dimasukkan ke dalam bidang kajian fiqh al-siyasah maliyyah, yakni politik hukum kebendaan. Dengan kata lain, PBK termasuk kajian hukum Islão dalam pengertian bagaimana hukum Islão diterapkan dalam masala kepemilikan atas harta benda, melalui perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam era globalisasi dan perdagangan bebas. Realisasi yang pálido mungkin dalam rangka melindungi pelaku dan pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam ruang dan waktu serta pertimbangan tujuan dan manfaatnya dewasa ini, sejalan dengan semangat dan bunyi UU No. 32/1977 tentang PBK. Karena teori perubahan hukum seperti dijelaskan di atas, dapat menunjukkan elasticidade hukum Islam dalam kelembagaan praktek perekonomian, maka PBK dalam sistem hukum islam dapat dianalogikan dengan bay al-salamajl biajil. Baía al-salam dapat diartikan sebagai berikut. Al-salam atau al-salaf baía adalah ajl biajil, yakni memperjualbelikan sesuatu yang dengan ketentuan sifat-sifatnya yang terjamin kebenarannya. Di dalam transaksi demikian, penyerahan ras al-mal dalam bentuk uang sebagai nilai tukar didahulukan daripada penyerahan komoditi yang dimaksud dalam transaksi itu. Ulama Syafiiyah dan Hanabilah mendefinisikannya dengan: Akad atas komoditas jual beli eang diberi sifat terjamin yang ditangguhkan (berjangka) dengan harga jual yang ditetapkan di dalam bursa akad. Keabsahan transaksi jual, beli berjangka, ditentukan oleh terpenuhinya rukun dan syarat sebagai berikut: a) Rukun sebagai unsur-unsur utama yang harus ada dalam suatu peristiwa transaksi Unsur-unsur utama di dalam bay al-salam adalah: Pihak-pihak pelaku transaksi (aqid) Yang disebut dengan istilah muçulmano atau muçulmano ilaih. Objek transaksi (maqud alaih), yaitu barang-barang komoditi berjangka de harga tukar (ras al-mal al-salam, al-muslim fih). Kalimat transaksi (Sighat aqad), yaitu ijab dan kabul. Yang perlu diperhatikan dari unsur-unsur tersebut, adalah bahwa ijab dan qabul dinyatakan dalam bahasa dan kalimat yang jelas menunjukkan transaksi berjangka. Karena itu, ulama Syafiiyah menekankan penggunaan istilah al-salam atau al-salaf di dalam kalimat-kalimat transaksi itu, dengan alasan bahwa aqd al-salam adalah baía al-madum dengan sifat dan cara berbeda dari akad jual dan beli (comprar). Persyaratan menyangkut objek transaksi, adalah: bahwa objek transakis harus memenuhi kejelasan mengenai: jenisnya (um yakun fi jinsin malumin), sifatnya, ukuran (kadar), jangka penyerahan, harga tukar, tempat penyerahan. Persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi oleh harga tukar (al-tsaman), adala, Pertama, kejelasan jenis alat tukar, yaitu dirham, dinar, rupia atau dolar dsb atau barang-barang yang dapat ditimbang, disukat, dsb. Kedua, kejelasan jenis alat tukar apakah rupia, dolar Amerika, dolar Singapura, dst. Apakah, timbangan, yang, disepakati, dalam, bentuk, quilograma, lagoa, dst. Kejelasan tentang kualitas objek transaksi, apakah kualitas istimewa, baik sedang atau buruk. Syarat-syarat di atas ditetapkan dânga maksud menghilangkan jahalah fi al-aqd atau alasan ketidaktahuan kondisi-kondisi barang pada saat transaksi. Sebab hal ini akan mengakibatkan terjadinya perselisihan de antara pelaku transaksi, yang akan merusak nilai transaksi. Kejelasan jumlah harga tukar. Os utilizadores registados podem usar esta imagem como um editor de gramagem absortí na beira do avk. Kalaupun dalam pelaksanaannya masih ada pihak-pihak yang merasa dirugikan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada, maka dapatlah digunakan kaidah hukum atau máxima legal yang berbunyi: ma yudrak kulluh la yutrak kulluh. Apa yang tidak dapat dilaksanakan semuanya, maka tidak perlu ditinggalkan keseluruhannya. Dengan demikian, hukum dan pelaksanaan PBK sampai batatas-batas tert-a-boleh dinyatakan dapat diterima atau setidak-tidaknya sesuai dengan semangat jiwa norma hukum Islam, dengan menganalogikan kepada bay al-salam. 1. Os Contratos Básicos de Câmbio Existe um consenso geral entre os juristas islâmicos de que as moedas de diferentes países podem ser trocadas numa base spot a uma taxa diferente da unidade, uma vez que as moedas de diferentes países são entidades distintas com valores diferentes ou valor intrínseco , E poder de compra. Também parece haver um acordo geral entre a maioria dos estudiosos sobre a opinião de que o câmbio a termo não é permitido, isto é, quando os direitos e obrigações de ambas as partes se relacionam com uma data futura. No entanto, existe uma considerável diferença de opinião entre os juristas quando os direitos de uma das partes, que é a mesma que a obrigação da contraparte, são adiados para uma data futura. Para elaborar, vamos considerar o exemplo de dois indivíduos A e B que pertencem a dois países diferentes, Índia e EUA, respectivamente. A pretende vender rupias indianas e comprar dólares dos EUA. O inverso é verdadeiro para B. A taxa de câmbio rupee-dólar acordada é de 1:20 ea transação envolve a compra e venda de 50. A primeira situação é que A faz um pagamento à vista de Rs1000 para B e aceita o pagamento de 50 de B. A transacção é liquidada numa base spot a partir de ambas as extremidades. Tais transações são válidas e Islamically permissíveis. Não há duas opiniões sobre o mesmo. A segunda possibilidade é que a liquidação da transação de ambas as extremidades seja adiada para uma data futura, digamos depois de seis meses a partir de agora. Isto implica que tanto A como B fariam e aceitariam o pagamento de Rs1000 ou 50, conforme o caso, após seis meses. A visão predominante é que tal contrato não é islâmicamente permitido. Uma visão minoritária a considera admissível. O terceiro cenário é que a transação é parcialmente liquidada a partir de uma única extremidade. Por exemplo, A faz um pagamento de Rs1000 agora para B em vez de uma promessa de B para pagar 50 para ele depois de seis meses. Alternativamente, A aceita 50 agora de B e promete pagar Rs1000 para ele depois de seis meses. Existem pontos de vista diametralmente opostos sobre a admissibilidade de tais contratos, que equivalem a bai-salam em moedas. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma análise abrangente de vários argumentos em apoio e contra a permissibilidade desses contratos básicos envolvendo moedas. A primeira forma de contratação envolvendo a troca de contravalores numa base pontual está além de qualquer tipo de controvérsia. A admissibilidade ou não do segundo tipo de contrato em que a entrega de um dos contravalores é diferida para uma data futura, é geralmente discutida no âmbito da riba proibição. Assim, discutiremos este contrato detalhadamente na seção 2 que trata da questão da proibição da riba. A admissibilidade da terceira forma de contrato em que a entrega de ambos os contravalores é diferida, é geralmente discutida no âmbito da redução do risco e incerteza ou gharar envolvidos nesses contratos. Este é, portanto, o tema central da seção 3 que trata da questão do gharar. Seção 4 tenta uma visão holística da Sharia relaciona questões como também o significado econômico das formas básicas de contratação no mercado de moeda. 2. A questão da proibição de Riba A divergência de pontos de vista1 sobre a permissibilidade ou não dos contratos de câmbio em moedas pode ser atribuída principalmente à questão da proibição riba. A necessidade de eliminar riba em todas as formas de contratos de câmbio é de extrema importância. Riba em seu contexto sharia é geralmente definido2 como um ganho ilícito derivado da desigualdade quantitativa dos contravalores em qualquer transação que pretenda efetuar a troca de duas ou mais espécies (anwa), que pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins) e são governadas por A mesma causa eficiente (illa). Riba é geralmente classificada em riba al-fadl (excesso) e riba al-nasia (adiamento) que denotam uma vantagem ilegal por meio de excesso ou adiamento, respectivamente. A proibição do primeiro é alcançada por uma estipulação de que a taxa de troca entre os objetos é unidade e nenhum ganho é permissível a qualquer das partes. Este último tipo de riba é proibido por não permitir a liquidação diferida e garantir que a transação é liquidada no local por ambas as partes. Outra forma de riba é chamada de riba al-jahiliyya ou riba pré-islâmica que surge quando o credor pede ao mutuário na data de vencimento se este último liquidar a dívida ou aumentar a mesma. O aumento é acompanhado pela cobrança de juros sobre o montante inicialmente emprestado. A proibição de riba na troca de moedas pertencentes a diferentes países requer um processo de analogia (qiyas). E em qualquer exercício de analogia (qiyas), a causa eficiente (illa) desempenha um papel extremamente importante. É uma causa eficiente comum (illa), que conecta o objeto da analogia com o seu sujeito, no exercício do raciocínio analógico. A causa eficiente apropriada (illa) em caso de contratos de troca foi definida vària pelas escolas principais de Fiqh. Esta diferença reflecte-se no raciocínio análogo para moedas de papel pertencentes a diferentes países. Uma questão de significância considerável no processo de raciocínio análogo relaciona-se à comparação entre moedas de papel com ouro e prata. Nos primórdios do Islã, o ouro ea prata desempenhavam todas as funções do dinheiro (thaman). As moedas foram feitas de ouro e prata com um valor intrínseco conhecido (quantum de ouro ou prata contidos neles). Essas moedas são descritas como thaman haqiqi, ou naqdain na literatura Fiqh. Estes eram universalmente aceitáveis ​​como principal meio de troca, representando um grande pedaço de transações. Muitas outras commodities, tais como, vários metais inferiores também serviram como meio de troca, mas com aceitabilidade limitada. Estes são descritos como fals na literatura Fiqh. Estes também são conhecidos como thaman istalahi por causa do fato de que sua aceitabilidade não deriva de seu valor intrínseco, mas devido ao status concedido pela sociedade durante um determinado período de tempo. As duas formas acima mencionadas de moedas foram tratadas de forma muito diferente pelos primeiros juristas islâmicos do ponto de vista da permissibilidade dos contratos que os envolvem. A questão que necessita de ser resolvida é se as moedas correntes da idade presente se enquadram na primeira ou na segunda categoria. Uma visão é que estes devem ser tratados a par com thaman haqiqi ou ouro e prata, uma vez que estes servem como o principal meio de troca e unidade de conta como o último. Daí, por analogia raciocínio, todas as normas relacionadas com a Sharia e injunções aplicáveis ​​a thaman haqiqi também deve ser aplicável ao papel moeda. A troca de thaman haqiqi é conhecida como bai-sarf e, portanto, as transações em moedas de papel devem ser regidas pelas regras da Sharia relevantes para bai-sarf. A opinião contrária afirma que as moedas de papel devem ser tratadas de forma semelhante a fals ou thaman istalahi devido ao fato de que seu valor nominal é diferente de seu valor intrínseco. Sua aceitabilidade decorre de seu status legal dentro do país nacional ou importância econômica global (como no caso de dólares americanos, por exemplo). 2.1. Uma síntese de pontos de vista alternativos 2.1.1. A proibição de riba baseia-se na tradição de que o santo profeta disse: Vende ouro para ouro, prata para prata, trigo para trigo, cevada para cevada, data para a data, Sal para o sal, nas mesmas quantidades no local e quando as mercadorias são diferentes, vender como lhe convier, mas no ponto. Assim, a proibição de riba aplica-se primeiramente aos dois metais preciosos (ouro e prata) e a outras quatro mercadorias (trigo, cevada, tâmaras e sal). Aplica-se também, por analogia (qiyas) a todas as espécies que são governadas pela mesma causa eficiente (illa) ou que pertencem a qualquer um dos gêneros dos seis objetos citados na tradição. No entanto, não há um consenso geral entre as várias escolas de Fiqh e até mesmo estudiosos pertencentes à mesma escola sobre a definição e identificação de causa eficiente (illa) de riba. Para os Hanafis, a causa eficiente (illa) de riba tem duas dimensões: os artigos trocados pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins), estes possuem peso (wazan) ou mensurabilidade (kiliyya). Se em uma determinada troca, ambos os elementos da causa eficiente (illa) estão presentes, isto é, os contravalores trocados pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins) e são todos pesáveis ​​ou todos mensuráveis, então nenhum ganho é permitido (a taxa de câmbio deve Ser igual à unidade) ea troca deve ser em uma base spot. No caso do ouro e da prata, os dois elementos da causa eficiente (illa) são: unidade de gênero (jins) e peso. Esta é também a visão Hanbali de acordo com uma versão3. Assim, quando o ouro é trocado por ouro, ou a prata é trocada por prata, somente as transações no local sem qualquer ganho são permitidas. Também é possível que em uma dada troca, um dos dois elementos de causa eficiente (illa) esteja presente e o outro esteja ausente. Por exemplo, se os artigos trocados são todos pesáveis ​​ou mensuráveis, mas pertencem a gêneros diferentes (jins) ou, se os artigos trocados pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins), mas nenhum deles é mensurável e pesável, então troque com ganho (a uma taxa diferente de Unidade) é permissível, mas a troca deve ser em uma base spot. Assim, quando o ouro é trocado por prata, a taxa pode ser diferente da unidade, mas nenhuma liquidação diferida é permitida. Se nenhum dos dois elementos de causa eficiente (illa) de riba estiver presente em uma dada troca, então nenhuma das injunções para riba proibição se aplica. O câmbio pode ocorrer com ou sem ganho e ambos em uma base pontual ou diferida. Considerando o caso de troca envolvendo moedas de papel pertencentes a diferentes países, a proibição riba exigiria uma busca de causa eficiente (illa). Moedas pertencentes a diferentes países são entidades claramente distintas que são moeda legal dentro de limites geográficos específicos com diferentes valores intrínsecos ou poder de compra. Por conseguinte, uma grande maioria dos estudiosos acertadamente afirmam que não há unidade de gênero (jins). Além disso, estes não são nem pesáveis ​​nem mensuráveis. Isso leva a uma conclusão direta de que nenhum dos dois elementos de causa eficiente (illa) de riba existe nessa troca. Assim, a troca pode ter lugar livre de qualquer injunção sobre a taxa de câmbio ea forma de liquidação. A lógica subjacente a esta posição não é difícil de compreender. O valor intrínseco das moedas de papel pertencentes a diferentes países difere, uma vez que estas têm poder de compra diferente. Além disso, o valor intrínseco ou valor de moedas de papel não pode ser identificado ou avaliado ao contrário de ouro e prata que pode ser pesado. Assim, nem a presença de riba al-fadl (por excesso), nem riba al-nasia (por adiamento) pode ser estabelecida. A escola Shafii de Fiqh considera a causa eficiente (illa) em caso de ouro e prata para ser sua propriedade de ser moeda (thamaniyya) ou o meio de troca, unidade de conta e armazenamento de valor. Este é também o Maliki view. De acordo com uma versão deste ponto de vista, mesmo que o papel ou o couro sejam feitos o meio da troca e seja dado o status da moeda corrente, a seguir todas as réguas que pertencem ao naqdain, ou ao ouro e à prata se aplicam a elas. Assim, de acordo com esta versão, a permuta envolvendo moedas de diferentes países a uma taxa diferente da unidade é permitida, mas deve ser liquidada numa base spot. Outra versão das duas escolas de pensamento acima é que a citada causa eficiente (illa) de ser moeda (thamaniyya) é específica do ouro e da prata, e não pode ser generalizada. Ou seja, qualquer outro objeto, se usado como meio de troca, não pode ser incluído em sua categoria. Assim, de acordo com esta versão, as injunções da Sharia para a proibição riba não são aplicáveis ​​às moedas de papel. As moedas pertencentes a diferentes países podem ser trocadas com ou sem ganho e tanto em bases fixas como diferidas. Os defensores da versão anterior citam o caso da troca de moedas de papel pertencentes ao mesmo país em defesa da sua versão. A opinião consensual dos juristas neste caso é que tal troca deve ser sem qualquer ganho ou a uma taxa igual à unidade e deve ser liquidada numa base pontual. Se considerarmos o Hanafi ea primeira versão da posição Hanbali, então, neste caso, apenas uma dimensão da causa eficiente (illa) está presente, ou seja, eles pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins ). Mas as moedas de papel não são nem pesáveis ​​nem mensuráveis. Assim, a lei Hanafi permitiria, aparentemente, a troca de quantidades diferentes da mesma moeda numa base pontual. Da mesma forma, se a causa eficiente de ser moeda (thamaniyya) é específica apenas para ouro e prata, então Shafii e Maliki lei também permitiria o mesmo. Escusado será dizer que isso equivale a permitir empréstimo e empréstimos baseados em riba. Isso mostra que, é a primeira versão do pensamento Shafii e Maliki que está subjacente à decisão de consenso de proibição de ganho e liquidação diferida em caso de troca de moedas pertencentes ao mesmo país. De acordo com os proponentes, estender essa lógica à troca de moedas de diferentes países implicaria que a troca com ganho ou a uma taxa diferente da unidade é permitida (já que não há unidade de jins), mas a liquidação deve ser feita numa base pontual. 2.1.2 Comparação entre Currency Exchange e Bai-Sarf Bai-sarf é definida na literatura Fiqh como uma troca envolvendo o thaman haqiqi, definido como ouro e prata, que serviu como principal meio de troca para quase todas as grandes transações. Os defensores da opinião de que qualquer troca de moedas de diferentes países é o mesmo que bai-sarf argumentam que na atualidade as moedas de papel substituíram efetiva e completamente o ouro e a prata como meio de troca. Hence, by analogy, exchange involving such currencies should be governed by the same Sharia rules and injunctions as bai-sarf. It is also argued that if deferred settlement by either parties to the contract is permitted, this would open the possibilities of riba-al nasia. Opponents of categorization of currency exchange with bai-sarf however point out that the exchange of all forms of currency (thaman) cannot be termed as bai-sarf. According to this view bai-sarf implies exchange of currencies made of gold and silver (thaman haqiqi or naqdain) alone and not of money pronounced as such by the state authorities (thaman istalahi). The present age currencies are examples of the latter kind. These scholars find support in those writings which assert that if the commodities of exchange are not gold or silver, (even if one of these is gold or silver) then, the exchange cannot be termed as bai-sarf. Nor would the stipulations regarding bai-sarf be applicable to such exchanges. According to Imam Sarakhsi4 when an individual purchases fals or coins made out of inferior metals, such as, copper (thaman istalahi) for dirhams (thaman haqiqi) and makes a spot payment of the latter, but the seller does not have fals at that moment, then such exchange is permissible. taking possession of commodities exchanged by both parties is not a precondition (while in case of bai-sarf, it is.) A number of similar references exist which indicate that jurists do not classify an exchange of fals (thaman istalahi) for another fals (thaman istalahi) or gold or silver (thaman haqiqi), as bai-sarf. Hence, the exchanges of currencies of two different countries which can only qualify as thaman istalahi can not be categorized as bai-sarf. Nor can the constraint regarding spot settlement be imposed on such transactions. It should be noted here that the definition of bai-sarf is provided Fiqh literature and there is no mention of the same in the holy traditions. The traditions mention about riba, and the sale and purchase of gold and silver (naqdain) which may be a major source of riba, is described as bai-sarf by the Islamic jurists. It should also be noted that in Fiqh literature, bai-sarf implies exchange of gold or silver only whether these are currently being used as medium of exchange or not. Exchange involving dinars and gold ornaments, both quality as bai-sarf. Various jurists have sought to clarify this point and have defined sarf as that exchange in which both the commodities exchanged are in the nature of thaman, not necessarily thaman themselves. Hence, even when one of the commodities is processed gold (say, ornaments), such exchange is called bai-sarf. Proponents of the view that currency exchange should be treated in a manner similar to bai-sarf also derive support from writings of eminent Islamic jurists. According to Imam Ibn Taimiya anything that performs the functions of medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value is called thaman, (not necessarily limited to gold amp silver). Similar references are available in the writings of Imam Ghazzali5 As far as the views of Imam Sarakhshi is concerned regarding exchange involving fals, according to them, some additional points need to be taken note of. In the early days of Islam, dinars and dirhams made of gold and silver were mostly used as medium of exchange in all major transactions. Only the minor ones were settled with fals. In other words, fals did not possess the characteristics of money or thamaniyya in full and was hardly used as store of value or unit of account and was more in the nature of commodity. Hence there was no restriction on purchase of the same for gold and silver on a deferred basis. The present day currencies have all the features of thaman and are meant to be thaman only. The exchange involving currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf with difference of jins and hence, deferred settlement would lead to riba al-nasia. Dr Mohamed Nejatullah Siddiqui illustrates this possibility with an example6. He writes In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 purchased on credit at spot rate) Thus, sarf can be converted into interest-based borrowing amp lending. 2.1.3 Defining Thamaniyya is the Key It appears from the above synthesis of alternative views that the key issue seems to be a correct definition of thamaniyya. For instance, a fundamental question that leads to divergent positions on permissibility relates to whether thamaniyya is specific to gold and silver, or can be associated with anything that performs the functions of money. We raise some issues below which may be taken into account in any exercise in reconsideration of alternative positions. It should be appreciated that thamaniyya may not be absolute and may vary in degrees. It is true that paper currencies have completely replaced gold and silver as medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. In this sense, paper currencies can be said to possess thamaniyya. However, this is true for domestic currencies only and may not be true for foreign currencies. In other words, Indian rupees possess thamaniyya within the geographical boundaries of India only, and do not have any acceptability in US. These cannot be said to possess thamaniyya in US unless a US citizen can use Indian rupees as a medium of exchange, or unit of account, or store of value. In most cases such a possibility is remote. This possibility is also a function of the exchange rate mechanism in place, such as, convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars, and whether a fixed or floating exchange rate system is in place. For example, assuming free convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars and vice versa, and a fixed exchange rate system in which the rupee-dollar exchange rate is not expected to increase or decrease in the foreseeable future, thamaniyya of rupee in US is considerably improved. The example cited by Dr Nejatullah Siddiqui also appears quite robust under the circumstances. Permission to exchange rupees for dollars on a deferred basis (from one end, of course) at a rate different from the spot rate (official rate which is likely to remain fixed till the date of settlement) would be a clear case of interest-based borrowing and lending. However, if the assumption of fixed exchange rate is relaxed and the present system of fluctuating and volatile exchange rates is assumed to be the case, then it can be shown that the case of riba al-nasia breaks down. We rewrite his example: In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 purchased on credit at spot rate) This would be so, only if the currency risk is non-existent (exchange rate remains at 1:20), or is borne by the seller of dollars (buyer repays in rupees and not in dollars). If the former is true, then the seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 (at an exchange rate of 1:20). However, if the latter is true, then the return to the seller (or the lender) is not predetermined. It need not even be positive. For example, if the rupee-dollar exchange rate increases to 1:25, then the seller of dollar would receive only 44 (Rs 1100 converted into dollars) for his investment of 50. Here two points are worth noting. First, when one assumes a fixed exchange rate regime, the distinction between currencies of different countries gets diluted. The situation becomes similar to exchanging pounds with sterlings (currencies belonging to the same country) at a fixed rate. Second, when one assumes a volatile exchange rate system, then just as one can visualize lending through the foreign currency market (mechanism suggested in the above example), one can also visualize lending through any other organized market (such as, for commodities or stocks.) If one replaces dollars for stocks in the above example, it would read as: In a given moment in time when the market price of stock X is Rs 20, if an individual purchases 50 stocks at the rate of Rs 22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 stocks purchased on credit at current price) In this case too as in the earlier example, returns to the seller of stocks may be negative if stock price rises to Rs 25 on the settlement date. Hence, just as returns in the stock market or commodity market are Islamically acceptable because of the price risk, so are returns in the currency market because of fluctuations in the prices of currencies. A unique feature of thaman haqiqi or gold and silver is that the intrinsic worth of the currency is equal to its face value. Thus, the question of different geographical boundaries within which a given currency, such as, dinar or dirham circulates, is completely irrelevant. Gold is gold whether in country A or country B. Thus, when currency of country A made of gold is exchanged for currency of country B, also made of gold, then any deviation of the exchange rate from unity or deferment of settlement by either party cannot be permitted as it would clearly involve riba al-fadl and also riba al-nasia. However, when paper currencies of country A is exchanged for paper currency of country B, the case may be entirely different. The price risk (exchange rate risk), if positive, would eliminate any possibility of riba al-nasia in the exchange with deferred settlement. However, if price risk (exchange rate risk) is zero, then such exchange could be a source of riba al-nasia if deferred settlement is permitted7. Another point that merits serious consideration is the possibility that certain currencies may possess thamaniyya, that is, used as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value globally, within the domestic as well as foreign countries. For instance, US dollar is legal tender within US it is also acceptable as a medium of exchange or unit of account for a large volume of transactions across the globe. Thus, this specific currency may be said to possesses thamaniyya globally, in which case, jurists may impose the relevant injunctions on exchanges involving this specific currency to prevent riba al-nasia. The fact is that when a currency possesses thamaniyya globally, then economic units using this global currency as the medium of exchange, unit of account or store of value may not be concerned about risk arising from volatility of inter-country exchange rates. At the same time, it should be recognized that a large majority of currencies do not perform the functions of money except within their national boundaries where these are legal tender. Riba and risk cannot coexist in the same contract. The former connotes a possibility of returns with zero risk and cannot be earned through a market with positive price risk. As has been discussed above, the possibility of riba al-fadl or riba al-nasia may arise in exchange when gold or silver function as thaman or when the exchange involves paper currencies belonging to the same country or when the exchange involves currencies of different countries following a fixed exchange rate system. The last possibility is perhaps unIslamic8 since price or exchange rate of currencies should be allowed to fluctuate freely in line with changes in demand and supply and also because prices should reflect the intrinsic worth or purchasing power of currencies. The foreign currency markets of today are characterised by volatile exchange rates. The gains or losses made on any transaction in currencies of different countries, are justified by the risk borne by the parties to the contract. 2.1.4. Possibility of Riba with Futures and Forwards So far, we have discussed views on the permissibility of bai salam in currencies, that is, when the obligation of only one of the parties to the exchange is deferred. What are the views of scholars on deferment of obligations of both parties. Typical example of such contracts are forwards and futures9. According to a large majority of scholars, this is not permissible on various grounds, the most important being the element of risk and uncertainty (gharar) and the possibility of speculation of a kind which is not permissible. This is discussed in section 3. However, another ground for rejecting such contracts may be riba prohibition. In the preceding paragraph we have discussed that bai salam in currencies with fluctuating exchange rates can not be used to earn riba because of the presence of currency risk. It is possible to demonstrate that currency risk can be hedged or reduced to zero with another forward contract transacted simultaneously. And once risk is eliminated, the gain clearly would be riba. We modify and rewrite the same example: In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), and the seller of dollars also hedges his position by entering into a forward contract to sell Rs1100 to be received on the future date at a rate of 1:20, then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 dollars purchased on credit at spot rate) The seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 dollars (at an exchange rate of 1:20) for his investment of 50 dollars irrespective of the market rate of exchange prevailing on the date of maturity. Another simple possible way to earn riba may even involve a spot transaction and a simultaneous forward transaction. For example, the individual in the above example purchases 50 on a spot basis at the rate of 1:20 and simultaneously enters into a forward contract with the same party to sell 50 at the rate of 1:21 after one month. In effect this implies that he is lending Rs1000 now to the seller of dollars for one month and earns an interest of Rs50 (he receives Rs1050 after one month. This is a typical buy-back or repo (repurchase) transaction so common in conventional banking.10 3. The Issue of Freedom from Gharar Gharar, unlike riba, does not have a consensus definition. In broad terms, it connotes risk and uncertainty. It is useful to view gharar as a continuum of risk and uncertainty wherein the extreme point of zero risk is the only point that is well-defined. Beyond this point, gharar becomes a variable and the gharar involved in a real life contract would lie somewhere on this continuum. Beyond a point on this continuum, risk and uncertainty or gharar becomes unacceptable11. Jurists have attempted to identify such situations involving forbidden gharar. A major factor that contributes to gharar is inadequate information (jahl) which increases uncertainty. This is when the terms of exchange, such as, price, objects of exchange, time of settlement etc. are not well-defined. Gharar is also defined in terms of settlement risk or the uncertainty surrounding delivery of the exchanged articles. Islamic scholars have identified the conditions which make a contract uncertain to the extent that it is forbidden. Each party to the contract must be clear as to the quantity, specification, price, time, and place of delivery of the contract. A contract, say, to sell fish in the river involves uncertainty about the subject of exchange, about its delivery, and hence, not Islamically permissible. The need to eliminate any element of uncertainty inherent in a contract is underscored by a number of traditions.12 An outcome of excessive gharar or uncertainty is that it leads to the possibility of speculation of a variety which is forbidden. Speculation in its worst form, is gambling. The holy Quran and the traditions of the holy prophet explicitly prohibit gains made from games of chance which involve unearned income. The term used for gambling is maisir which literally means getting something too easily, getting a profit without working for it. Apart from pure games of chance, the holy prophet also forbade actions which generated unearned incomes without much productive efforts.13 Here it may be noted that the term speculation has different connotations. It always involves an attempt to predict the future outcome of an event. But the process may or may not be backed by collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant information. The former case is very much in conformity with Islamic rationality. An Islamic economic unit is required to assume risk after making a proper assessment of risk with the help of information. All business decisions involve speculation in this sense. It is only in the absence of information or under conditions of excessive gharar or uncertainty that speculation is akin to a game of chance and is reprehensible. 3.2 Gharar amp Speculation with of Futures amp Forwards Considering the case of the basic exchange contracts highlighted in section 1, it may be noted that the third type of contract where settlement by both the parties is deferred to a future date is forbidden, according to a large majority of jurists on grounds of excessive gharar. Futures and forwards in currencies are examples of such contracts under which two parties become obliged to exchange currencies of two different countries at a known rate at the end of a known time period. For example, individuals A and B commit to exchange US dollars and Indian rupees at the rate of 1: 22 after one month. If the amount involved is 50 and A is the buyer of dollars then, the obligations of A and B are to make a payments of Rs1100 and 50 respectively at the end of one month. The contract is settled when both the parties honour their obligations on the future date. Traditionally, an overwhelming majority of Sharia scholars have disapproved such contracts on several grounds. The prohibition applies to all such contracts where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date, including contracts involving exchange of currencies. An important objection is that such a contract involves sale of a non-existent object or of an object not in the possession of the seller. This objection is based on several traditions of the holy prophet.14 There is difference of opinion on whether the prohibition in the said traditions apply to foodstuffs, or perishable commodities or to all objects of sale. There is, however, a general agreement on the view that the efficient cause (illa) of the prohibition of sale of an object which the seller does not own or of sale prior to taking possession is gharar, or the possible failure to deliver the goods purchased. Is this efficient cause (illa) present in an exchange involving future contracts in currencies of different countries. In a market with full and free convertibility or no constraints on the supply of currencies, the probability of failure to deliver the same on the maturity date should be no cause for concern. Further, the standardized nature of futures contracts and transparent operating procedures on the organized futures markets15 is believed to minimize this probability. Some recent scholars have opined in the light of the above that futures, in general, should be permissible. According to them, the efficient cause (illa), that is, the probability of failure to deliver was quite relevant in a simple, primitive and unorganized market. It is no longer relevant in the organized futures markets of today16. Such contention, however, continues to be rejected by the majority of scholars. They underscore the fact that futures contracts almost never involve delivery by both parties. On the contrary, parties to the contract reverse the transaction and the contract is settled in price difference only. For example, in the above example, if the currency exchange rate changes to 1: 23 on the maturity date, the reverse transaction for individual A would mean selling 50 at the rate of 1:23 to individual B. This would imply A making a gain of Rs50 (the difference between Rs1150 and Rs1100). This is exactly what B would lose. It may so happen that the exchange rate would change to 1:21 in which case A would lose Rs50 which is what B would gain. This obviously is a zero-sum game in which the gain of one party is exactly equal to the loss of the other. This possibility of gains or losses (which theoretically can touch infinity) encourages economic units to speculate on the future direction of exchange rates. Since exchange rates fluctuate randomly, gains and losses are random too and the game is reduced to a game of chance. There is a vast body of literature on the forecastability of exchange rates and a large majority of empirical studies have provided supporting evidence on the futility of any attempt to make short-run predictions. Exchange rates are volatile and remain unpredictable at least for the large majority of market participants. Needless to say, any attempt to speculate in the hope of the theoretically infinite gains is, in all likelihood, a game of chance for such participants. While the gains, if they materialize, are in the nature of maisir or unearned gains, the possibility of equally massive losses do indicate a possibility of default by the loser and hence, gharar. 3.3. Risk Management in Volatile Markets Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. The economic justification of futures and forwards is in term of their role as a device for hedging. In the context of currency markets which are characterized by volatile rates, such contracts are believed to enable the parties to transfer and eliminate risk arising out of such fluctuations. For example, modifying the earlier example, assume that individual A is an exporter from India to US who has already sold some commodities to B, the US importer and anticipates a cashflow of 50 (which at the current market rate of 1:22 mean Rs 1100 to him) after one month. There is a possibility that US dollar may depreciate against Indian rupee during these one month, in which case A would realize less amount of rupees for his 50 ( if the new rate is 1:21, A would realize only Rs1050 ). Hence, A may enter into a forward or future contract to sell 50 at the rate of 1:21.5 at the end of one month (and thereby, realize Rs1075) with any counterparty which, in all probability, would have diametrically opposite expectations regarding future direction of exchange rates. In this case, A is able to hedge his position and at the same time, forgoes the opportunity of making a gain if his expectations do not materialize and US dollar appreciates against Indian rupee (say, to 1:23 which implies that he would have realized Rs1150, and not Rs1075 which he would realize now.) While hedging tools always improve planning and hence, performance, it should be noted that the intention of the contracting party whether to hedge or to speculate, can never be ascertained. It may be noted that hedging can also be accomplished with bai salam in currencies. As in the above example, exporter A anticipating a cash inflow of 50 after one month and expecting a depreciation of dollar may go for a salam sale of 50 (with his obligation to pay 50 deferred by one month.) Since he is expecting a dollar depreciation, he may agree to sell 50 at the rate of 1: 21.5. There would be an immediate cash inflow in Rs 1075 for him. A questão pode ser, por que a contraparte deve pagá-lo rúpias agora em vez de uma promessa de ser reembolsado em dólares após um mês. As in the case of futures, the counterparty would do so for profit, if its expectations are diametrically opposite, that is, it expects dollar to appreciate. For example, if dollar appreciates to 1: 23 during the one month period, then it would receive Rs1150 for Rs 1075 it invested in the purchase of 50. Thus, while A is able to hedge its position, the counterparty is able to earn a profit on trading of currencies. The difference from the earlier scenario is that the counterparty would be more restrained in trading because of the investment required, and such trading is unlikely to take the shape of rampant speculation. 4. Summary amp Conclusion Currency markets of today are characterized by volatile exchange rates. This fact should be taken note of in any analysis of the three basic types of contracts in which the basis of distinction is the possibility of deferment of obligations to future. We have attempted an assessment of these forms of contracting in terms of the overwhelming need to eliminate any possibility of riba, minimize gharar, jahl and the possibility of speculation of a kind akin to games of chance. In a volatile market, the participants are exposed to currency risk and Islamic rationality requires that such risk should be minimized in the interest of efficiency if not reduced to zero. It is obvious that spot settlement of the obligations of both parties would completely prohibit riba, and gharar, and minimize the possibility of speculation. However, this would also imply the absence of any technique of risk management and may involve some practical problems for the participants. At the other extreme, if the obligations of both the parties are deferred to a future date, then such contracting, in all likelihood, would open up the possibility of infinite unearned gains and losses from what may be rightly termed for the majority of participants as games of chance. Of course, these would also enable the participants to manage risk through complete risk transfer to others and reduce risk to zero. It is this possibility of risk reduction to zero which may enable a participant to earn riba. Future is not a new form of contract. Rather the justification for proscribing it is new. If in a simple primitive economy, it was prevention of gharar relating to delivery of the exchanged article, in todays complex financial system and organized exchanges, it is prevention of speculation of kind which is unIslamic and which is possible under excessive gharar involved in forecasting highly volatile exchange rates. Such speculation is not just a possibility, but a reality. The precise motive of an economic unit entering into a future contract speculation or hedging may not ascertainable ( regulators may monitor end use, but such regulation may not be very practical, nor effective in a free market). Evidências empíricas a um nível macro, no entanto, indica que o primeiro é o motivo dominante. The second type of contracting with deferment of obligations of one of the parties to a future date falls between the two extremes. While Sharia scholars have divergent views about its permissibility, our analysis reveals that there is no possibility of earning riba with this kind of contracting. The requirement of spot settlement of obligations of atleast one party imposes a natural curb on speculation, though the room for speculation is greater than under the first form of contracting. The requirement amounts to imposition of a hundred percent margin which, in all probability, would drive away the uninformed speculator from the market. This should force the speculator to be a little more sure of his expectations by being more informed. When speculation is based on information it is not only permissible, but desirable too. Bai salam would also enable the participants to manage risk. At the same time, the requirement of settlement from one end would dampen the tendency of many participants to seek a complete transfer of perceived risk and encourage them to make a realistic assessment of the actual risk. Notes amp References 1. These diverse views are reflected in the papers presented at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991 which were subsequently published in Majalla Fiqh Islami, part 4 by the Academy. The discussion on riba prohibition draws on these views. 2. Nabil Saleh, Unlawful gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law, Graham and Trotman, London, 1992, p.16 3. Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni, vol.4, pp.5-9 4. Shams al Din al Sarakhsi, al-Mabsut, vol 14, pp 24-25 5. Paper presented by Abdul Azim Islahi at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991. 6. Paper by Dr M N Siddiqui highlighting the issue was circulated among all leading Fiqh scholars by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India for their views and was the main theme of deliberations during the session on Currency Exchange at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar held in 1991. 7. It is contended by some that the above example may be modified to show the possibility of riba with spot settlement too. In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation also on a spot basis), then it amounts to the seller of dollars exchanging 50 with 55 on a spot basis (Since, he can obtain Rs 1100 now, exchange them for 55 at spot rate of 1:20) Thus, spot settlement can also be a clear source of riba. Does this imply that spot settlement should be proscribed too. The fallacy in the above and earlier examples is that there is no single contract but multiple contracts of exchange occurring at different points in time (true even in the above case). Riba can be earned only when the spot rate of 1:20 is fixed during the time interval between the transactions. This assumption is, needless to say, unrealistic and if imposed artificially, perhaps unIslamic. 8. Islam envisages a free market where prices are determined by forces of demand and supply. There should be no interference in the price formation process even by the regulators. While price control and fixation is generally accepted as unIslamic, some scholars, such as, Ibn Taimiya do admit of its permissibility. However, such permissibility is subject to the condition that price fixation is intended to combat cases of market anomalies caused by impairing the conditions of free competition. If market conditions are normal, forces of demand and supply should be allowed a free play in determination of prices. 9. Some Islamic scholars use the term forward to connote a salam sale. However, we use this term in the conventional sense where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date and hence, are similar to futures in this sense. The latter however, are standardized contracts and are traded on an organized Futures Exchange while the former are specific to the requirements of the buyer and seller. 10. This is known as bai al inah which is considered forbidden by almost all scholars with the exception of Imam Shafii. Followers of the same school, such as Al Nawawi do not consider it Islamically permissible. 11. It should be noted that modern finance theories also distinguish between conditions of risk and uncertainty and assert that rational decision making is possible only under conditions of risk and not under conditions of uncertainty. Conditions of risk refer to a situation where it is possible with the help of available data to estimate all possible outcomes and their corresponding probabilities, or develop the ex-ante probability distribution. Under conditions of uncertainty, no such exercise is possible. The definition of gharar, Real-life situations, of course, fall somewhere in the continuum of risk and uncertainty. 12. The following traditions underscore the need to avoid contracts involving uncertainty. Ibn Abbas reported that when Allahs prophet (pbuh) came to Medina, they were paying one and two years advance for fruits, so he said: Those who pay in advance for any thing must do so for a specified weight and for a definite time. It is reported on the authority of Ibn Umar that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) forbade the transaction called habal al-habala whereby a man bought a she-camel which was to be the off-spring of a she-camel and which was still in its mothers womb. 13. According to a tradition reported by Abu Huraira, Allahs Messenger (pbuh) forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the type which involves some uncertainty. The form of gambling most popular to Arabs was gambling by casting lots by means of arrows, on the principle of lottery, for division of carcass of slaughtered animals. The carcass was divided into unequal parts and marked arrows were drawn from a bag. One received a large or small share depending on the mark on the arrow drawn. Obviously it was a pure game of chance. 14. The holy prophet is reported to have said Do not sell what is not with you Ibn Abbas reported that the prophet said: He who buys foodstuff should not sell it until he has taken possession of it. Ibn Abbas said: I think it applies to all other things as well. 15. The Futures Exchange performs an important function of providing a guarantee for delivery by all parties to the contract. It serves as the counterparty in the exchange for both, that is, as the buyer for the sale and as the seller for the purchase. 16. M Hashim Kamali Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, vol.13, no.2, 1996 Dalam bukunya Prof. Drs. Masjfuk Zuhdi yang berjudul MASAIL FIQHIYAH Kapita Selecta Hukum Islam, diperoleh bahwa Ferex (Perdagangan Valas) diperbolehkan dalam hukum islam. Perdagangan valuta asing timbul karena adanya perdagangan barang-barang kebutuhan / komoditi antar negara yang bersifat internasional. Perdagangan (Ekspor-Impor) ini tentu memerlukan alat bayar yaitu uang yang masing-masing negara mempunyai ketentuan sendiri dan berbeda satu sama lainnya sesuai dengan pena danmin perditaan negaran-negara tersebut sehingga timbul PERBANDINGANO NILAI MATA UANG antar negara. Perbandingan nilai mata uang antar negara terkumpul dalam suatu BURSA atau PASAR yang bersifat internasional dan terikat dalam suatu kesepakatan bersama yang saling menguntungkan. Nilai mata uang suatu negara dengan negar lainnya ini berubah (berluktuasi) setiap saat sesuai volume permintaan dan penawarannya. Adanya permintaan dan penawil inilah yang menimbulkan transaksi mata uang. Yang secara nyata hanyalah tukar-menukar mata uang yang berbeda nilai. HUKUM ISLAM dalam TRANSAKSI VALAS 1. Ada Ijab-Qobul: 8212gt Ada perjanjian untuk memberi dan menerima Penjual menyerahkan barang dan pembeli membayar tunai. Ijab-Qobulnya dilakukan dengan lisan, tulisan dan utusan. Pembeli dan penjual mempunyai wewenang penuh melaksanakan dan melakukan tindakan-tindakan hukum (dewasa dan berpikiran sehat) 2. Memenuhi syarat menjadi objek transaksi jual-beli yaitu: Suci barangnya (bukan najis) Dapat dimanfaatkan Dapat diserahterimakan Jelas barang dan harganya Dijual (dibeli) oleh pemiliknya sendiri atau kuasanya atas izin pemiliknya Barang sudah berada ditangannya jika barangnya diperoleh dengan imbalan. Perlu ditambahkan pendapat Muhammad Isa, bahwa jual beli saham itu diperbolehkan dalam agama. 8220Jangan kamu membeli ikan dalam ar, karena sesungguhnya jual beli eang demikian itu mengandung penipuan8221. (Hadis Ahmad bin Hambal dan Al Baihaqi dari Ibnu Mas8217ud) Jual beli barang yang tidak di tempat transaksi diperbolehkan dengan syarat harus diterangkan sifat-sifatnya atau ciri-cirinya. Kemudiano jika barang sesuai dengan keterangan penjual, maka sahlah jual belinya. Tetapi jika tidak sesuai maka pembeli mempunyai hak khiyar . artinya boleh meneruskan atau membatalkan jual belinya. Hal ini sesuai dengan hadis Nabi riwayat Al Daraquthni dari Abu Hurairah: 8220Barang siapa yang membeli sesuatu yang ia tidak melihatnya, maka ia berhak khiyar jika ia telah melihatnya8221. Jual beli hasil tanam yang masih terpendam, seperti ketela, kentang, bawang dan sebagainya juga diperbolehkan, asal diberi contohnya, karena akan mengalami kesulitan atau kerugian jika harus mengeluarkan semua hasil tanaman yang terpendam untuk dijual. Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah hukum Islã: Kesulitan itu menarik kemudahan. Demikian juga jual beli barang-barang yang telah terbungkus / tertutup, seperti makanan kalengan, LPG, dan sebagainya, asalkam diberi etiqueta yang menerangkan isinya. Vide Sabiq, op. Cit. Hal 135. Mengenai teks kaidah hukum Islam tersebut di atas, vide Al Suyuthi, Al Ashbah wa al Nadzair, Mesir, Mustafa Muhammad, 1936 hal. 55. JUAL BELI VALUTA ASSISTENTE DAN SAHAM Yang dimksud dengan valga asing adalah mata uang luar negeri seperi dolar Amerika, sterling inggris, ringgit Malásia dan sebagainya. Apabila antara negara terjadi perdagangan internasional maka tiap negara membutuhkan valuta asing untuk alat bayar luar negeri yang dalam dunia perdagangan disebut devisa. Misalnya eksportir Indonésia Azerbaijão Azerbaijão Azerbaijão Azerbaijão Pedido de Propostas Aviso de pré - Dengan demikian akan timbul pena de perminataan di bursa valuta asing. Setiap, negara, berwenang, penuh, menetapkan, kurs, uangnya, masing-masing (kurs, adalah, perbandingan, nilai, uangnya, terhadap, mata uang, asing), misalnya 1 dolar Amerika Rp. 12.000. Namun kurs uang atau perbandingan nilai tukar setiap saat bisa berubah-ubah, tergantung pada kekuatan ekonomi negara masing-masing. Pencatatan kurs uang dan transaksi jual beli valuta asing diselenggarakan di Bursa Valuta Asing (A. W. J. Tupanno, et. al. Ekonomi dan Koperasi, Jakarta, Depdikbud 1982, hal 76-77) Like this: